For more than two decades, growth was worshipped. Capital was abundant. Expansion masked inefficiency. Headcount scaled faster than productivity. Complexity quietly accumulated behind rising revenue curves. And then the environment changed. From 2022 onward, tightening capital markets, inflationary pressures, geopolitical disruptions, and AI-driven productivity shifts rewrote the rules of corporate survival.

Introduction: Across the Gulf, technology is reshaping the way businesses operate, innovate, and connect with their customers. Digital...